Introduction
Background
Present-day Turkmenistan covers territory that has been at the crossroads of civilizations for centuries. The area was ruled in antiquity by various Persian empires, and was conquered by Alexander the Great, Muslim crusaders, the Mongols, Turkic warriors, and eventually the Russians. In medieval times Merv (today known as Mary) was one of the great cities of the Islamic world and an important stop on the Silk Road. Annexed by Russia in the late 1800s, Turkmenistan later figured prominently in the anti-Bolshevik movement in Central Asia. In 1924, Turkmenistan became a Soviet republic; it achieved independence upon the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. Extensive hydrocarbon/natural gas reserves, which have yet to be fully exploited, have begun to transform the country. Turkmenistan is moving to expand its extraction and delivery projects. The Government of Turkmenistan is actively working to diversify its gas export routes beyond the still important Russian pipeline network. In 2010, new gas export pipelines that carry Turkmen gas to China and to northern Iran began operating, effectively ending the Russian monopoly on Turkmen gas exports. President for Life Saparmurat NYYAZOW died in December 2006, and Turkmenistan held its first multi-candidate presidential election in February 2007. Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW, a deputy cabinet chairman under NYYAZOW, emerged as the country's new president; he was chosen as president again in February 2012, in an election that the OSCE said lacked the freedoms necessary to create a competitive environment.
Geography
Location
Central Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and Kazakhstan
Geographic coordinates
40 00 N, 60 00 E
Area (sq km)
total: 488,100 sq km
land: 469,930 sq km
water: 18,170 sq km
Area - comparative (sq km)
slightly larger than California
Land boundaries (km)
total: 3,736 km
border countries: Afghanistan 744 km, Iran 992 km, Kazakhstan 379 km, Uzbekistan 1,621 km
Coastline (km)
0 km; note - Turkmenistan borders the Caspian Sea (1,768 km)
Maritime claims
none (landlocked)
Climate
subtropical desert
Terrain
flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes rising to mountains in the south; low mountains along border with Iran; borders Caspian Sea in west
Elevation extremes (m)
lowest point: Vpadina Akchanaya -81 m
note: Sarygamysh Koli is a lake in northern Turkmenistan with a water level that fluctuates above and below the elevation of Vpadina Akchanaya (the lake has dropped as low as -110 m)
highest point: Gora Ayribaba 3,139 m
Natural resources
petroleum, natural gas, sulfur, salt
Land use (%)
arable land: 3.89%
permanent crops: 0.12%
other: 95.98% (2011)
Irrigated land (sq km)
19,910 sq km (2006)
Total renewable water resources (cu km)
24.77 cu km (2011)
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural) ()
total: 27.95 cu km/yr (3%/3%/94%)
per capita: 5,752 cu m/yr (2004)
Natural hazards
NA
Environment - current issues
contamination of soil and groundwater with agricultural chemicals, pesticides; salination, water logging of soil due to poor irrigation methods; Caspian Sea pollution; diversion of a large share of the flow of the Amu Darya into irrigation contributes to that river's inability to replenish the Aral Sea; desertification
Environment - international agreements
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note
landlocked; the western and central low-lying desolate portions of the country make up the great Garagum (Kara-Kum) desert, which occupies over 80% of the country; eastern part is plateau
People and Society
Nationality
noun: Turkmen(s)
adjective: Turkmen
Ethnic groups (%)
Turkmen 85%, Uzbek 5%, Russian 4%, other 6% (2003)
Languages (%)
Turkmen (official) 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7%
Religions (%)
Muslim 89%, Eastern Orthodox 9%, unknown 2%
Population
5,171,943 (July 2014 est.) evolution and prospects (1950-2100)
Age structure (%)
0-14 years: 26.4% (male 691,076/female 673,310)
15-24 years: 20.2% (male 526,027/female 519,474)
25-54 years: 42.3% (male 1,082,821/female 1,102,716)
55-64 years: 6.9% (male 168,543/female 188,742)
65 years and over: 4.2% (male 95,391/female 123,843) (2014 est.)
Median age (years)
total: 26.6 years
male: 26.2 years
female: 27.1 years (2014 est.)
Population growth rate (%)
1.14% (2014 est.)
Birth rate (births/1,000 population)
19.46 births/1,000 population (2014 est.)
Death rate (deaths/1,000 population)
6.16 deaths/1,000 population (2014 est.)
Net migration rate (migrant(s)/1,000 population)
-1.86 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2014 est.)
Urbanization (%)
urban population: 48.7% of total population (2011)
rate of urbanization: 1.91% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
Major urban areas - population
ASHGABAT (capital) 683,000 (2011)
Sex ratio (male(s)/female)
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2014 est.)
Maternal mortality rate (deaths/100,000 live births)
67 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)
Infant mortality rate (deaths/1,000 live births)
total: 38.13 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 45.63 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 30.26 deaths/1,000 live births (2014 est.)
Life expectancy at birth (years)
total population: 69.47 years
male: 66.48 years
female: 72.61 years (2014 est.)
Total fertility rate (children born/woman)
2.1 children born/woman (2014 est.)
Health expenditures (% of GDP)
2.7% of GDP (2011)
Physicians density (physicians/1,000 population)
2.44 physicians/1,000 population (2007)
Hospital bed density (beds/1,000 population)
4.1 beds/1,000 population (2011)
Drinking water source (% of population)
improved: urban: 89.1% of population
rural: 53.7% of population
total: 71.1% of population
unimproved: urban: 10.9% of population
rural: 46.3% of population
total: 28.9% of population (2012 est.)
Sanitation facility access (% of population)
improved: urban: 100% of population
rural: 98.2% of population
total: 99.1% of population
unimproved: urban: 0% of population
rural: 1.8% of population
total: 0.9% of population (2012 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate (%)
less than 0.1% (2007 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS
fewer than 200 (2007 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths
fewer than 100 (2004 est.)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate (%)
13.2% (2008)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight (%)
10.5% (2000)
Education expenditures (% of GDP)
NA
Literacy (%)
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.6%
male: 99.7%
female: 99.5% (2011 est.)
Government
Country name
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Turkmenistan
local long form: none
local short form: Turkmenistan
former: Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic
Government type
defines itself as a secular democracy and a presidential republic; in actuality displays authoritarian presidential rule with power concentrated within the presidential administration
Capital
name: Ashgabat (Ashkhabad)
geographic coordinates: 37 57 N, 58 23 E
time difference: UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Administrative divisions
5 provinces (welayatlar, singular - welayat) and 1 independent city*: Ahal Welayaty (Anew), Ashgabat*, Balkan Welayaty (Balkanabat), Dashoguz Welayaty, Lebap Welayaty (Turkmenabat), Mary Welayaty
note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)
Independence
27 October 1991 (from the Soviet Union)
National holiday
Independence Day, 27 October (1991)
Constitution
adopted 18 May 1992; amended several times, last in 2008; note - sources disagree on whether the changes in 2008 are amendments or reflect a new constitution (2012)
Legal system
civil law system with Islamic law influences
International law organization participation
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
Suffrage
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch
chief of state: President Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW (since 14 February 2007); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW (since 14 February 2007)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term; election last held on 12 February 2012 (next to be held in February 2017)
election results: Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW reelected president; percent of vote - Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW 97.1%, Annageldi YAZMYRADOW 1.1%, other candidates 1.8%
Legislative branch
unicameral parliament known as the National Assembly (Mejlis) (125 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held on 15 December 2013 (next to be held in December 2018)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Democratic Party 47, Organization of Trade and Unions of Turkmenistan 33, Women's Union of Turkmenistan 16, Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs 14
note: in 26 September 2008, a new constitution of Turkmenistan abolished a second, 2,507-member legislative body known as the People's Council and expanded the number of deputies in the National Assembly from 65 to 125; the powers formerly held by the People's Council were divided up between the president and the National Assembly
Judicial branch
highest court(s): Supreme Court of Turkmenistan (consists of the court president and 21 associate judges)
judge selection and term of office: judges appointed by the president; judge tenure NA
subordinate courts: provincial, district, and city courts; High Commercial Court; military courts
Political parties and leaders
Democratic Party of Turkmenistan or DPT [Kasymguly BABAYEW]
Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs or PIE [Orazmammet MAMMEDOW] (party registered 21 August 2012)
note: a law authorizing the registration of political parties went into effect in January 2012; unofficial, small opposition movements exist abroad; the three most prominent opposition groups-in-exile are the National Democratic Movement of Turkmenistan (NDMT), the Republican Party of Turkmenistan, and the Watan (Fatherland) Party; the NDMT was led by former Foreign Minister Boris SHIKHMURADOV until his arrest and imprisonment in the wake of the 25 November 2002 attack on President NYYAZOW's motorcade
Political pressure groups and leaders
none
International organization participation
ADB, CIS (associate member, has not ratified the 1993 CIS charter although it participates in meetings and held the chairmanship of the CIS in 2012), EAPC, EBRD, ECO, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO
Diplomatic representation in the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Mered Bairamovich ORAZOW (since 14 February 2001)
chancery: 2207 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 588-1500
FAX: [1] (202) 280-1003
Diplomatic representation from the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Robert E. PATTERSON (since 26 April 2011)
embassy: No. 9 1984 Street (formerly Pushkin Street), Ashgabat, Turkmenistan 744000
mailing address: 7070 Ashgabat Place, Washington, DC 20521-7070
telephone: [993] (12) 94-00-45
FAX: [993] (12) 94-26-14
Flag description
green field with a vertical red stripe near the hoist side, containing five tribal guls (designs used in producing carpets) stacked above two crossed olive branches; five white stars and a white crescent moon appear in the upper corner of the field just to the fly side of the red stripe; the green color and crescent moon represent Islam; the five stars symbolize the regions or welayats of Turkmenistan; the guls reflect the national identity of Turkmenistan where carpet-making has long been a part of traditional nomadic life
note: the flag of Turkmenistan is the most intricate of all national flags
National symbol(s)
Akhal-Teke horse
National anthem
name: "Garassyz, Bitarap Turkmenistanyn" (Independent, Neutral, Turkmenistan State Anthem)
lyrics/music: collective/Veli MUKHATOV
note: adopted 1997, lyrics revised 2008; following the death of the President Saparmurat NYYAZOW, the lyrics were altered to eliminate references to the former president
Economy
Economy - overview
Turkmenistan is largely a desert country with intensive agriculture in irrigated oases and sizeable gas and oil resources. The two largest crops are cotton, most of which is produced for export, and wheat, which is domestically consumed. Although agriculture accounts for roughly 7% of GDP, it continues to employ nearly half of the country's workforce. Turkmenistan's authoritarian regime has taken a cautious approach to economic reform, hoping to use gas and cotton export revenues to sustain its inefficient and highly corrupt economy. The government introduced a privatization plan in 2012, but the implementation of this initiative has been slow. Privatization goals remain limited. From 1998-2005, Turkmenistan suffered from the continued lack of adequate export routes for natural gas and from obligations on extensive short-term external debt. At the same time, however, total exports rose by an average of roughly 15% per year from 2003-08, largely because of higher international oil and gas prices. Additional pipelines to China, that began operation in early 2010, and increased pipeline capacity to Iran, have expanded Turkmenistan's export routes for its gas. Overall prospects in the near future are discouraging because of endemic corruption, a poor educational system, government misuse of oil and gas revenues, and Ashgabat's reluctance to adopt market-oriented reforms. The majority of Turkmenistan's economic statistics are state secrets. The present government established a State Agency for Statistics, but GDP numbers and other publicized figures are subject to wide margins of error. In particular, the rate of GDP growth is uncertain. Since his election, President BERDIMUHAMEDOW unified the country's dual currency exchange rate, ordered the redenomination of the manat, reduced state subsidies for gasoline, and initiated development of a special tourism zone on the Caspian Sea. Although foreign investment is encouraged, and some improvements in macroeconomic policy have been made, numerous bureaucratic obstacles impede international business activity.
GDP (purchasing power parity)
$55.16 billion (2013 est.)
$49.18 billion (2012 est.)
$44.27 billion (2011 est.)
note: data are in 2013 US dollars
GDP (official exchange rate)
$40.56 billion (2013 est.)
GDP - real growth rate (%)
12.2% (2013 est.)
11.1% (2012 est.)
14.7% (2011 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP)
$9,700 (2013 est.)
$8,800 (2012 est.)
$8,000 (2011 est.)
note: data are in 2013 US dollars
GDP - composition, by sector of origin (%)
agriculture: 7.2%
industry: 24.4%
services: 68.4% (2013 est.)
Labor force
2.3 million (2008 est.)
Labor force - by occupation (%)
agriculture: 48.2%
industry: 14%
services: 37.8% (2004 est.)
Unemployment rate (%)
60% (2004 est.)
Population below poverty line (%)
30% (2004 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share (%)
lowest 10%: 2.6%
highest 10%: 31.7% (1998)
Distribution of family income - Gini index
40.8 (1998)
Budget
revenues: $5.93 billion
expenditures: $5.474 billion (2013 est.)
Taxes and other revenues (% of GDP)
14.6% of GDP (2013 est.)
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-) (% of GDP)
1.1% of GDP (2013 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) (%)
9% (2013 est.)
8.5% (2012 est.)
Stock of narrow money
$577.2 million (31 December 2013 est.)
$526.3 million (31 December 2012 est.)
Stock of broad money
$1.199 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
$1.058 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
Stock of domestic credit
$2.912 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
$2.561 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
Market value of publicly traded shares
$NA
Agriculture - products
cotton, grain, melons; livestock
Industries
natural gas, oil, petroleum products, textiles, food processing
Industrial production growth rate (%)
8% (2013 est.)
Current account balance
$285.9 million (2013 est.)
$622.7 million (2012 est.)
Exports
$17.13 billion (2013 est.)
$19.99 billion (2012 est.)
Exports - commodities (%)
gas, crude oil, petrochemicals, textiles, cotton fiber
Exports - partners (%)
China 69.6%, Italy 4.7% (2012)
Imports
$12.48 billion (2013 est.)
$14.14 billion (2012 est.)
Imports - commodities (%)
machinery and equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs
Imports - partners (%)
China 19.5%, Turkey 17%, Russia 12.6%, UAE 6.8%, Ukraine 6%, Germany 4.7%, UK 4.2% (2012)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
$22.35 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
$20.71 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
External debt ($)
$428.9 million (31 December 2012 est.)
$451.5 million (31 December 2011 est.)
Exchange rates
Currency converter
Turkmen manat (TMM) per US dollar -
2.85 (2013 est.)
2.85 (2012 est.)
2.85 (2010 est.)
2.85 (2009)
14,250 (2008)
Fiscal year
calendar year
Energy
Electricity - production (kWh)
19.97 billion kWh (2013 est.)
Electricity - consumption (kWh)
17.08 billion kWh (2013 est.)
Electricity - exports (kWh)
2.885 billion kWh (2013 est.)
Electricity - imports (kWh)
0 kWh (2013 est.)
Electricity - installed generating capacity (kW)
2.852 million kW (2010 est.)
Electricity - from fossil fuels (% of total installed capacity)
100% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)
Electricity - from nuclear fuels (% of total installed capacity)
0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)
Electricity - from hydroelectric plants (% of total installed capacity)
0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)
Electricity - from other renewable sources (% of total installed capacity)
0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)
Crude oil - production (bbl/day)
244,100 bbl/day (2012 est.)
Crude oil - exports (bbl/day)
67,000 bbl/day (2012 est.)
Crude oil - imports (bbl/day)
0 bbl/day (2010 est.)
Crude oil - proved reserves (bbl)
600 million bbl (1 January 2013 est.)
Refined petroleum products - production (bbl/day)
143,200 bbl/day (2010 est.)
Refined petroleum products - consumption (bbl/day)
145,000 bbl/day (2011 est.)
Refined petroleum products - exports (bbl/day)
64,360 bbl/day (2010 est.)
Refined petroleum products - imports (bbl/day)
2,542 bbl/day (2010 est.)
Natural gas - production (cu m)
64.4 billion cu m (2012 est.)
Natural gas - consumption (cu m)
23.3 billion cu m (2012 est.)
Natural gas - exports (cu m)
41.1 billion cu m (2012 est.)
Natural gas - imports (cu m)
0 cu m (2013 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves (cu m)
17.5 trillion cu m (1 January 2013 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy (Mt)
51.85 million Mt (2011 est.)
Communications
Telephones - main lines in use
575,000 (2012)
Telephones - mobile cellular
3.953 million (2012)
Telephone system
general assessment: telecommunications network remains underdeveloped and progress toward improvement is slow; strict government control and censorship inhibits liberalization and modernization
domestic: Turkmentelekom, in cooperation with foreign partners, has installed high-speed fiber-optic lines and has upgraded most of the country's telephone exchanges and switching centers with new digital technology; combined fixed-line and mobile teledensity is about 80 per 100 persons; Russia's Mobile Telesystems, the only foreign mobile-cellular service provider in Turkmenistan, had its operating license suspended in December 2010 but was able to resume operations in September 2012; Turkmenistan's first telecommunication satellite is scheduled to be launched by the end of 2014; once in orbit, it is expected that the satellite will greatly improve connectivity in the country
international: country code - 993; linked by fiber-optic cable and microwave radio relay to other CIS republics and to other countries by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; an exchange in Ashgabat switches international traffic through Turkey via Intelsat; satellite earth stations - 1 Orbita and 1 Intelsat (2012)
Broadcast media
broadcast media is government controlled and censored; 7 state-owned TV and 4 state-owned radio networks; satellite dishes and programming provide an alternative to the state-run media; officials sometimes limit access to satellite TV by removing satellite dishes (2007)
Internet country code
.tm
Internet hosts
714 (2012)
Internet users
80,400 (2009)
Transportation
Airports
26 (2013)
Airports - with paved runways
total: 21
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 9
1,524 to 2,437 m: 9
914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2013)
Airports - with unpaved runways
total: 5
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
under 914 m: 4 (2013)
Heliports
1 (2013)
Pipelines (km)
gas 7,500 km; oil 1,501 km (2013)
Railways (km)
total: 2,980 km
broad gauge: 2,980 km 1.520-m gauge (2008)
Roadways (km)
total: 58,592 km
paved: 47,577 km
unpaved: 11,015 km (2002)
Waterways (km)
1,300 km (Amu Darya and Kara Kum canal are important inland waterways) (2011)
Merchant marine
total: 11
by type: cargo 4, chemical tanker 1, petroleum tanker 5, refrigerated cargo 1 (2010)
Ports and terminals
major seaport(s): Turkmenbasy
Military
Military branches
Turkmen Armed Forces: Ground Forces, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces (2013)
Military service age and obligation (years of age)
18-27 years of age for compulsory male military service; 2-year conscript service obligation, or 1 year for university students; 20 years of age for voluntary service; males may enroll in military schools from age 15 (2013)
Manpower available for military service
males age 16-49: 1,380,794
females age 16-49: 1,387,211 (2010 est.)
Manpower fit for military service
males age 16-49: 1,066,649
females age 16-49: 1,185,538 (2010 est.)
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually
male: 53,829
female: 52,988 (2010 est.)
Transnational Issues
Disputes - international
cotton monoculture in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan creates water-sharing difficulties for Amu Darya river states; field demarcation of the boundaries with Kazakhstan commenced in 2005, but Caspian seabed delimitation remains stalled with Azerbaijan, Iran, and Kazakhstan due to Turkmenistan's indecision over how to allocate the sea's waters and seabed; bilateral talks continue with Azerbaijan on dividing the seabed and contested oilfields in the middle of the Caspian
Refugees and internally displaced persons
stateless persons: 8,947 (2012)
Trafficking in persons
current situation: Turkmenistan is a source, and to a much lesser degree, destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; Turkmen in search of work in other countries are forced to work in textile sweatshops, construction, and domestic service; some Turkmen women and girls are sex trafficked abroad; Turkey is the primary trafficking destination, followed by Russia, the United Arab Emirates, and, to a lesser extent, the UK, Kazakhstan, and Cyprus; labor trafficking occurs within Turkmenistan, particularly in the construction industry, with victims identified from Uzbekistan, Ukraine, and Azerbaijan
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Turkmenistan does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government continues to convict trafficking offenders under its anti-trafficking statute; it employs no formal victim identification procedures and does not provide services or fund NGOs to provide services to victims; authorities punish some victims for crimes committed as a result of being trafficked; there continues to be no governmental coordinating body for anti-trafficking efforts or a national anti-trafficking action plan (2013)
Illicit drugs
transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and Western European markets; transit point for heroin precursor chemicals bound for Afghanistan
Largest cities of Turkmenistan
These are the 50 largest cities of Turkmenistan ordered based on their number of inhabitants.
| # | City | Population |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Asgabat | 797,900 |
| 2 | Türkmenabat | 234,828 |
| 3 | Dasoguz | 199,514 |
| 4 | Balkanabat | 87,830 |
| 5 | Büzmeýin | 39,485 |
| 6 | Kerki | 33,241 |
| 7 | Annau | 27,527 |
| 8 | Gumdag | 24,312 |
| 9 | Bäherden | 22,991 |
| 10 | Boldumsaz | 21,160 |
| 11 | Gazanjyk | 21,090 |
| 12 | Gazojak | 21,020 |
| 13 | Kaka | 18,545 |
| 14 | Saýat | 17,761 |
| 15 | Seydi | 17,761 |
| 16 | Farap | 14,502 |
| 17 | Akdepe | 14,177 |
| 18 | Murgab | 13,199 |